Daniel Quinn is the focaliser for a majority of the work, but becomes a focalised object in the last few pages, taking a supporting role in the narrative supposedly about him. Paul Auster is portrayed as a character as well as the author, which breaks the boundary between the author and the universe he creates. “City of Glass” uses postmodern techniques when presenting its characters, allowing the characters to be presented outside of the traditional roles of author, narrator, and character. Characters are molded by the authors and observed by the narrators, interacting with neither. Third-person narrators cannot influence the plot or mingle with the other characters. The authors do not directly insert themselves into the universes they create. Postmodern theories are based the idea that disorder and discord is something that can never be avoided, and play with the expectations a reader has gained from years of literary experiences, including the idea that author, narrator, and character should be separate. In City of Glass, a disjointed narrative, paradoxical situations, and the unreliable narrator appear. Some of the techniques used in the book are postmodern literary techniques. “City of Glass”, the first novella in Paul Auster’s New York Trilogy, utilises unconventional techniques to display its setting, plot, and characters.
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